New Bridge Road was named after the "New Bridge" of 1840 designed by George Coleman, which we know today as Coleman Bridge. New Bridge Road was laid out two years after the bridge was built, in 1842. In the early days, the street were settled by Teochews who traded in fruits and vegetables, especially north of presently Hong Lim Park.
The present alignment of New Bridge Road with Eu Tong Sen Street dates to the late 1980s, when the present eight-lane dual carriageway was built that effectively merged the two roads into one, albeit separated only by a divider, with both retaining their respective names.
The Hokkien names for New Bridge Road are (in Taiji Romanisation) Sin3 Pa1sat3 Ma1ta3 Chu3ceng2 meaning "in front of the new market police station" and Gu3 Chia3 Cui4 meaning "water oxcart (road)", the latter because it is regarded as part of Kreta Ayer Road. In Cantonese, it is known as Yi-ma-lo, meaning "second horse (carriage) road".