Jalan Sultan is one of the older roads in Singapore, dating back to around 18221, when the Sultan of Johor relocated his palace from beside the Singapore River to this area, which was earmarked as a Muslim village under Raffles Plan. The Sultan to built his palace here was Sultan Hussein Shah.
According to Singapore Street Names, Jalan Sultan was known as Jalan Malintang in Coleman's 1836 Map of Singapore. The road was known in Hokkien as Jee33-cap3 Keng1 meaning "Twenty (Houses)", probably because there were 20 houses there.